As used in this article, the term “government” can refer to a national, state, municipal, provincial or other body that has the capacity to enact laws, rules and regulations. If your business operates from one or more locations and sells its products to buyers in other locations, your business is subject to the laws of more than one government. This is why legal factors must play an essential role in the preparation of your PESTEL analysis. The loads applied have many factors, including safety factors. Buildings typically use a safety factor of 2.0 for each component. The value of buildings is relatively low because loads are well understood and most structures are redundant. Pressure vessels use 3.5 to 4.0, cars use 3.0, and airplanes and spacecraft use 1.2 to 3.0, depending on the application and materials. Duktile, metallic materials tend to use the lowest value, while brittle materials use the highest values. The aerospace engineering sector generally uses lower design factors because the costs associated with structural weight are high (i.e., an aircraft with an overall safety factor of 5 would likely be too heavy to take off from the ground). This low design factor is the reason why aerospace parts and materials are subject to very strict quality control and strict preventive maintenance schedules to ensure reliability.
A normally applied safety factor is 1.5, but for pressurized hull it is 2.0 and for main landing gear structures it is often 1.25. [11] In the field of nuclear safety (as implemented at U.S. government facilities), the margin of safety has been defined as an amount that cannot be reduced without verification by the government regulator. The Department of Energy publishes DOE G 424.1-1, “Implementation Guide for Use in Addressing Unreviewed Safety Question Requirements” as a guide for determining whether a margin of safety is reduced by a proposed change. The guidelines develop and apply the concept of a qualitative margin of safety, which may not be explicit or quantifiable, but can be evaluated conceptually to determine whether a proposed change increases or decreases. This approach becomes important when considering designs with large or undefined (historical) margins and those that depend on “flexible” controls such as limits or programmatic requirements. The U.S. commercial nuclear industry used a similar approach to assess anticipated changes up to 2001, when 10 CFR 50.59 was revised to capture and apply available information in plant-specific risk analysis and other quantitative risk management tools. The use of a safety factor does not mean that an item, structure or design is “safe”. Many factors for quality assurance, engineering design, manufacturing, installation and end use can influence whether or not something is safe in a particular situation. Legal factors in a business environment are defined as legal issues and procedures that the owner of a business must take into account in order to run the business transparently. Laws affecting businesses include federal regulations, state laws, and standards imposed by customs.
These are implicit structures of authority that entrepreneurs must adhere to. Otherwise, they could face legal harassment in the future. Legal factors may determine whether or not there is a business behind the sale of a particular product (p. e.g., drugs or sharps) and may also influence the mechanisms by which a company stores inventory or interacts with the customer. It doesn`t matter if you consider the factor legal or political. It is important that you consider these factors in your PESTEL analyses and, if necessary and appropriate, consult a lawyer. It`s also important to remember that these legal (and political) factors vary from country to country, state to state, and even city to city. Consumer protection law links the legal thread between businesses and consumers. This regulation makes entrepreneurs vulnerable to legal problems if they engage in fraudulent business with the client. The Legal Information Institute has a detailed guide to consumer protection laws in the commercial sector.
Here are the 4 branches of this law. (d) When applying safety factors, account shall be taken of the influence of temperature and/or other operating characteristics that may affect the resistance of the balloon. Simply put, the safety factor is the robustness of a system in relation to needs. The safety factor is the backbone of all buildings and safety equipment and is initiated by engineers. In the design phase of all safety structures and installations, engineers determine the overload required of each object to remain safe in the event of an emergency. Safety factors do not mean that a system is safe and free from accidents. Parts of a set may all have the same safety factory, but this does not give the system as a whole the same FoS. Similarly, the load on a part of the assembly can easily change the distribution of stresses on the assembly itself. Keep in mind that a safety factor is a good tool for determining how equipment is properly installed and used, but there are many other factors that go into determining safety. In the case of cyclic, repetitive or fluctuating loads, it is important to consider the possibility of metal fatigue when choosing the safety factor.
A cyclic load well below the yield strength of a material can lead to failure if repeated over enough cycles. When considering legal factors in your PESTEL analysis, it`s important to remember that laws are generally not meant to restrict your business. Instead, they are there to help. According to Businesslawbasics.com, the purpose of laws is to set standards, maintain order, resolve disputes, and protect freedoms and rights. As a business owner, you don`t have to like all laws. However, it is imperative that you are aware of the laws that apply to your business and how they affect it today and tomorrow. Good designers have so many factors to consider when designing a part or component. Design for assembly, cost, logistics, manufacturability, reliability and other qualities require foresight and creativity. Perhaps one of the most important features to consider when manufacturing parts or products is safety. And, of course, a whole industry has sprung up around the need to produce safe products and structures for consumer use. Most often, you hear the terms “safety factor” (FoS) or “safety factor” (SF), but several definitions and calculations can be mentioned. Let`s look at the basics of FoS for design and engineering.
(b) A safety factor of at least five shall be used in the design of the enclosure. A reduced safety factor of at least two may be used if it is demonstrated that the factor chosen excludes failure due to creep or immediate failure due to the absence of zippers. The selected factor shall be applied to the most critical value of the maximum working pressure or the maximum envelope stress. The difference between the safety factor and the design safety factor is as follows: the safety factor or yield strength indicates how much the designed part can actually withstand (first “use” from above).