Economic approaches for organizations also take the division of labor as a starting point. The division of labour allows (savings of) specialization. Increasing specialization requires coordination. From an economic point of view, markets and organizations are alternative coordination mechanisms for carrying out transactions. [6] An organization is a group of people who work together, such as a neighbourhood association, charity, union or business. Each next level in the biological hierarchy shows greater organizational complexity. Each object in the next level consists of the base units of the previous layer. In scientific research, more in the medical sciences, the role of the organization of life is very fundamental. Without organization, it becomes difficult, if not almost impossible, to study the effects of various chemical and physical phenomena on bodily functions and diseases. Changes in a single atom can cause changes throughout the biosphere. In prehistoric times, man was concerned about his personal safety, maintenance, protection and survival. Now, the man spends much of his waking hours working for organizations.
Its need to identify with a community that provides security, protection, preservation and a sense of belonging has remained unchanged since prehistoric times. This need is met by the informal organization and its emerging or informal leaders. [7] Different organ systems connect and form an individual. Individuals of a species form a population. A given area may consist of different populations. A community is formed by the sum of the populations of a given area. An ecosystem consists of both biotic and abiotic factors. The biosphere is the highest level of organization that encompasses all ecosystems. An organization established as a means to achieve defined goals has been called a formal organization.
Its design determines how objectives are divided and reflected in the subdivisions of the organization. Departments, departments, sections, positions, jobs and tasks form this work structure. As a result, the formal organization is expected to behave impersonally with respect to client or member relations. According to Weber`s definition, entry and subsequent promotion are based on performance or seniority. Each employee receives a salary and benefits from a permanent position that protects him from the arbitrary influence of his superiors or powerful clients. The higher his position in the hierarchy, the greater his presumed expertise in assessing problems that may arise during work at lower levels of the organization. It is this bureaucratic structure that forms the basis for the appointment of heads or heads of the administrative subdivisions of the organization, conferring on them the authority associated with their position. [8] The main coordination mechanism is direct supervision. The strategic top, to centralize and coordinate by direct supervision, structures the organization as a simple structure.
Organizations can also operate secretly or illegally if they are secret societies, criminal organizations and resistance movements. And in some cases, there may be obstacles from other organizations (e.g., the MLK organization)[3] but what makes an organization an organization is not the paperwork that makes it official, but to be an organization, there must be four things: Organization in the biological sense refers to the hierarchy of complex biological systems and structures. Biological organizations can explain life with a reductionist approach. This biological hierarchy begins at the smallest level, the atom, and extends to a higher level, the biosphere. The upper level, the biosphere, is sometimes called the ecological hierarchy. (Licence, 2021). For example, a company may have one person with overall responsibility for X and Y products and another person with overall responsibility for engineering, quality control, etc. Therefore, the subordinates responsible for quality control of Project X will have two lines of authority.
The U.S. aerospace industry was the first to formally establish this organizational structure after its emergence in the early 1960s. [5] An organization is defined by the elements that are part of it (who belongs to the organization and who does not?), its communication (which elements communicate and how do they communicate?), its autonomy (what changes are made autonomously by the organization or its elements?) and its rules of action in relation to external events (what drives an organization to act as a collective actor?). Definition: Organization refers to a set of people involved in the pursuit of defined objectives. It can be understood as a social system that encompasses all formal human relationships. The organization includes the division of labor among employees and the alignment of tasks with the ultimate goal of the company. An organization refers to a structure in which people come together to achieve common goals. People feel that they can respond more effectively to their needs if they are part of a group. In an organization, individual goals for group goals are removed and group goals for organizational goals are compromised, so maximum benefits can be achieved using limited available resources.
The order of the hierarchy of life is one of the outstanding examples of an organization, as Paul Andersen explains. He explains it at the following levels (Andersen, 2021): This organizational structure promotes internal competition. Inefficient components of the organization starve, while effective components get more work. Everyone gets paid for what they actually do, and so they run a small business that has to show a profit, or they get fired. 8. Rules and Regulations – Each organization is subject to a set of rules and regulations for the proper functioning of people. A security agency, a national postal service, a steel company, a prison, national railways, etc. are examples of mechanical bureaucracy. The main component of this organization is the technostructure and the most important coordination mechanism is the standardization of work processes.
Spriegel gave a broad definition of the organization. He described it as the relationship between people, factors in the company. All factors of production are coordinated in order to achieve organizational objectives. 7. Environment – No organization works in silos. Social, political, economic and legal factors influence the environment. In addition, it is influenced by internal factors such as materials, machinery, state of technology, economic resources, human resources, etc. Authority and responsibility should be equal. If this is not the case, the work cannot be carried out effectively by any agent, regardless of ability.
At the same time, power can be abused if only powers are delegated without accountability. In another sense, when responsibility is delegated without authority, it is dangerous. It will examine the different types of relationships that develop within the organization. These relationships are vertical, lateral and diagonal. If a parent-child relationship is envisaged, it is a vertical relationship. In the case of an expert or specialist advising a manager on an equal footing, the relationship is lateral. When a specialist exercises authority over a person in a junior position in another department of the same organization, it is called a diagonal relationship. In the social sciences, organizations are analyzed for a number of disciplines, such as sociology, economics,[6] political science, psychology, management, and organizational communication. The broader analysis of organizations is commonly referred to as organizational structure, organizational studies, organizational behavior, or organizational analysis.
There are a number of different perspectives, some of which are compatible: This type of organization assigns two bosses in two different hierarchies to each worker. A hierarchy is “functional” and ensures that every type of expert in the organization is well trained and measured by a boss who is a super expert in the same field. The other management is “executive” and tries to carry out projects with the experts. Projects can be organized by products, regions, customer types, or other schemas. A general hospital, a university, accounting firms and social work agencies are examples of organizations that follow the structure of a professional bureaucracy. The key element of this type of structure is its operational core, and the main coordination mechanism is capacity standardization.