However, this type of authority is not sufficient to meet the complex requirements of modern societies, and Weber instead prescribes a society governed by codified rules and written documents, which he calls rational-legal authority. Imagine the complicated processes of government or business that are not delegated and centralized in the decision-making power of a single individual. The former creates problems of succession and sustainability and is woefully inefficient, while the latter builds institutions and practices. The Duterte administration`s top priorities include fighting illicit drugs and crime, promoting rapid infrastructure development, maintaining and inclusive economic growth, enhancing peace and development in Mindanao, and realigning the Philippines` foreign relations. To support these goals, the government has significantly increased infrastructure spending, increased salaries for government employees, expanded existing social development programs, revived the stalled peace process with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), entered into negotiations with communist insurgents, and established closer ties with China. Why has Duterte made illegal drugs his trademark? In addition to seeing drugs as a cancer for society, there is an ugly political logic. The fight against drugs and crime was central to his reputation as an effective mayor of the city of Davao. Moreover, public acceptance of Davao`s death squads, an obscure group specifically targeting suspected drug traffickers, petty criminals, and homeless youth, has demonstrated the low cost and high returns of an extra-legal war on drugs and crime.[24] As president, Duterte`s national war on drugs continues to play an important role in most socio-economic segments of society. Especially since the main victims are the urban poor. Weber wrote that the modern state, based on rational and legal authority, emerged from the struggle for patrimonial and feudal power (see traditional authority), unique in Western civilization. The prerequisites for the modern Western state are: While female suicide bombers have attracted a lot of attention, women`s participation in Islamist militancy is not new or limited to Sulu.
It appears that women have taken on more operational roles in recent years, having performed mainly logistical support work in the past. [fn] In some cases, women and girls supported militants during the Marawi war. One fighter`s wife cared for the wounded and later died herself. Crisis Group online interview, source close to combatant`s family, August 8, 2021. Eyewitnesses also reported that the girls occupied checkpoints during the siege. See Nicola Smith, “Philippine matriarch Farhana Maute alleged kingpin in ISIS assault,” Stuff (New Zealand), 26 June 2017. In the Sulu archipelago, local and foreign women appear to have played an important role in Abu Sayyaf`s operations, for example by facilitating the flow of money or participating directly in hostilities. [fn] Online interviews by Crisis Group, activists and security analysts, July-August 2021. One of these financiers was Almaida Marani Salvin, one of the wives of murdered activist Abu Talha. There is also evidence that some Abu Sayyaf commanders trained foreign girls and women in Sulu in basic military tactics, for example Rezkie and Aishya Rullie, young daughters of the Indonesian couple who bombed Jolo Cathedral in January 2019. Aishya, who was arrested in June 2021, was married to an Abu Sayyaf activist who was later killed. See Ana P.
Santos, “Women of the Eastern Califate,” Rappler, December 27 and 28, 2019; and Criselda Yabes, “Philippines must disarm the child warriors of Sulu,” Nikkei Asia Review, August 2, 2021. Hide footnote They appear to engage because of kinship ties to male activists – as wives, widows or daughters. [fn] Crisis Group online interview, aid worker, 19 August 2021.Hide footnote Experts say marital ties make it difficult for “women” to step outside the circle of activism. [fn] Amina Rasul Bernardo, “Women and Violent Extremism,” in “Cross-Border Terrorism: Challenges and Solutions,” webinar, Pusat Kajian Radikalism dan Deradikalisasi, September 28, 2020. [fn] Crisis Group online interview, Peace Worker, 13 July 2021.Hide footnote Given the above-mentioned obstacles to the smooth conduct of investigations and the slow pace of the international justice system, major developments in judicial proceedings are unlikely to be made in the foreseeable future. But the ICC investigation comes at a critical political moment: Duterte`s term ends in June 2022 and the constitution prohibits him from seeking a second consecutive term. While his government is currently under fire for its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, the opposition could use the criminal investigation to further discredit him. Despite petitions questioning the legality of the law, the Supreme Court upheld most of the law, deleting only two provisions. [fn] The court struck down two provisions: a half-clause that it deemed “too broad and contrary to freedom of expression” and a clause that gave the Anti-Terrorism Council the power to designate groups as terrorist based on requests from other countries or international organizations. For the full text of the decision, see Supreme Court of the Philippines, En Banc Decision on G.R. Nos.
252578 et al., Atty. Howard M. Calleja et al. vs. Executive Secretary et al., May 17, 2021. Human rights groups have filed a series of appeals following the ruling, although the chances of the court continuing to review the law appear slim. [fn] On March 2, 26 groups of plaintiffs filed a “joint motion for review,” hoping to convince the court to remove or weaken other contentious provisions of the law. See Lian Buan, “Appeals roll for another shot to void feared anti-terror law,” Rappler, March 2, 2022. Hide footnote For now, the Philippines case appears to be another example of the limitations of the international justice system in countries whose governments refuse to cooperate with the ICC. The court can count on the country`s victims` groups, civil society organizations and legal experts to support the investigation, including through digital means or meetings abroad.
Former prosecutor Bensouda also said her office “has taken a number of steps to collect and secure evidence,” anticipating the investigation and being aware of “complex operational challenges” such as access. But the prospect of Duterte being taken to The Hague and brought to justice seems highly unlikely without the cooperation of local law enforcement. 69 “Philippines` Duterte insults Obama ahead of planned talks,” Deutsche Welle, May 9, 2016, www.dw.com/en/philippines-duterte-insults-obama-ahead-of-scheduled-talks/a-19527837. Max Weber divided legitimate authority into three types of societies: traditional authority, rational-legal authority, and charismatic authority. Each of these authorities has its own unique complex societies that have evolved from simple definitions. The vast majority of modern states from the 20th century onwards fall into the category of rational and legal authority. The majority of modern bureaucratic officials and political leaders represent this type of authority.